G. Binnig, H. Rohrer (1981)
(Nobel Prize in Physics 1986)
I=Crtrsesf
C - linear function of
voltage
s - sample-tip
separation
f - parameter describing
the
barrier between the sample
and the tip
rt - electron density of
the tip
rs-electron density of the
sample
1/2
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
(STM)