When helping them with this homework, make sure they have first identifed the PK and FKs for each table involved in the query. I assign SQL not so much so they can learn the language, but more to enforce the concepts of PK and FK as the mechanism for re-combining the data to produce useful information.
2a. SELECT C_DATE, AC_NO, DEST, DIST, HR_FL, FUEL
FROM CHARTER
WHERE AC_NO="2778V";
2c. SELECT C_DATE, AC_NO, DEST, AC_TYPE, DIST, HR_FL,
FUEL, P_LNAME
FROM CHARTER , PILOTS , AIRCRAFT
WHERE CHARTER.AC_NO = "2778V" AND
CHARTER.PIL = PILOTS.P_INIT AND
AIRCRAFT.AC_NO = .CHARTER.AC_NO;
2d. SELECT C_DATE, AC_NO, DIST, HR_FL, FUEL
DIST/HR_FL,
DIST/FUEL, FUEL/HR_FL
FROM CHARTER, PILOTS
WHERE CHARTER.PIL = PILOTS.P_INIT AND
CHARTER.AC_NO="2778V";
4. SELECT C_DATE, DEST, AC_TYPE, S_CNAME
FROM CHARTER, AIRCRAFT, CHAR_CUS
WHERE CHAR_CUS.C_BALANCE > 0 AND
CHAR_CUS.C_CUSNO = CHARTER.C_CUSNO AND
AIRCRAFT.AC_NO = CHARTER.AC_NO;